diff -r 1a38447a89fa -r 9226980e45a7 src/bisection_tree/btfn.rs
--- a/src/bisection_tree/btfn.rs	Sat Dec 14 09:31:27 2024 -0500
+++ b/src/bisection_tree/btfn.rs	Tue Dec 31 08:30:02 2024 -0500
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use crate::types::Float;
-use crate::mapping::{Apply, Mapping, Differentiable};
+use crate::mapping::{
+    Instance, Mapping, DifferentiableImpl, DifferentiableMapping, Space,
+    BasicDecomposition,
+};
 //use crate::linops::{Apply, Linear};
 use crate::sets::Set;
 use crate::sets::Cube;
@@ -40,10 +43,22 @@
 }
 
 impl<F : Float, G, BT, const N : usize>
+Space for BTFN<F, G, BT, N>
+where
+    G : SupportGenerator<F, N, Id=BT::Data>,
+    G::SupportType : LocalAnalysis<F, BT::Agg, N>,
+    BT : BTImpl<F, N>
+{
+    type Decomp = BasicDecomposition;
+}
+
+impl<F : Float, G, BT, const N : usize>
 BTFN<F, G, BT, N>
-where G : SupportGenerator<F, N, Id=BT::Data>,
-      G::SupportType : LocalAnalysis<F, BT::Agg, N>,
-      BT : BTImpl<F, N> {
+where
+    G : SupportGenerator<F, N, Id=BT::Data>,
+    G::SupportType : LocalAnalysis<F, BT::Agg, N>,
+    BT : BTImpl<F, N>
+{
 
     /// Create a new BTFN from a support generator and a pre-initialised bisection tree.
     ///
@@ -390,64 +405,40 @@
 // Apply, Mapping, Differentiate
 //
 
-impl<'a, F : Float, G, BT, V, const N : usize> Apply<&'a Loc<F, N>>
+impl<F : Float, G, BT, V, const N : usize> Mapping<Loc<F, N>>
 for BTFN<F, G, BT, N>
-where BT : BTImpl<F, N>,
-      G : SupportGenerator<F, N, Id=BT::Data>,
-      G::SupportType : LocalAnalysis<F, BT::Agg, N> + Apply<&'a Loc<F, N>, Output = V>,
-      V : Sum {
+where
+    BT : BTImpl<F, N>,
+    G : SupportGenerator<F, N, Id=BT::Data>,
+    G::SupportType : LocalAnalysis<F, BT::Agg, N> + Mapping<Loc<F, N>, Codomain = V>,
+    V : Sum + Space,
+{
 
-    type Output = V;
+    type Codomain = V;
 
-    fn apply(&self, x : &'a Loc<F, N>) -> Self::Output {
-        self.bt.iter_at(x)
-            .map(|&d| self.generator.support_for(d).apply(x)).sum()
+    fn apply<I : Instance<Loc<F,N>>>(&self, x : I) -> Self::Codomain {
+        let xc = x.cow();
+        self.bt.iter_at(&*xc)
+            .map(|&d| self.generator.support_for(d).apply(&*xc)).sum()
     }
 }
 
-impl<F : Float, G, BT, V, const N : usize> Apply<Loc<F, N>>
+impl<F : Float, G, BT, V, const N : usize> DifferentiableImpl<Loc<F, N>>
 for BTFN<F, G, BT, N>
-where BT : BTImpl<F, N>,
-      G : SupportGenerator<F, N, Id=BT::Data>,
-      G::SupportType : LocalAnalysis<F, BT::Agg, N> + Apply<Loc<F, N>, Output = V>,
-      V : Sum {
-
-    type Output = V;
-
-    fn apply(&self, x : Loc<F, N>) -> Self::Output {
-        self.bt.iter_at(&x)
-            .map(|&d| self.generator.support_for(d).apply(x)).sum()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, F : Float, G, BT, V, const N : usize> Differentiable<&'a Loc<F, N>>
-for BTFN<F, G, BT, N>
-where BT : BTImpl<F, N>,
-      G : SupportGenerator<F, N, Id=BT::Data>,
-      G::SupportType : LocalAnalysis<F, BT::Agg, N> + Differentiable<&'a Loc<F, N>, Derivative = V>,
-      V : Sum {
+where
+    BT : BTImpl<F, N>,
+    G : SupportGenerator<F, N, Id=BT::Data>,
+    G::SupportType : LocalAnalysis<F, BT::Agg, N>
+        + DifferentiableMapping<Loc<F, N>, DerivativeDomain = V>,
+    V : Sum + Space,
+{
 
     type Derivative = V;
 
-    fn differential(&self, x : &'a Loc<F, N>) -> Self::Derivative {
-        self.bt.iter_at(x)
-            .map(|&d| self.generator.support_for(d).differential(x))
-            .sum()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<F : Float, G, BT, V, const N : usize> Differentiable<Loc<F, N>>
-for BTFN<F, G, BT, N>
-where BT : BTImpl<F, N>,
-      G : SupportGenerator<F, N, Id=BT::Data>,
-      G::SupportType : LocalAnalysis<F, BT::Agg, N> + Differentiable<Loc<F, N>, Derivative = V>,
-      V : Sum {
-
-    type Derivative = V;
-
-    fn differential(&self, x : Loc<F, N>) -> Self::Derivative {
-        self.bt.iter_at(&x)
-            .map(|&d| self.generator.support_for(d).differential(x))
+    fn differential_impl<I : Instance<Loc<F, N>>>(&self, x :I) -> Self::Derivative {
+        let xc = x.cow();
+        self.bt.iter_at(&*xc)
+            .map(|&d| self.generator.support_for(d).differential(&*xc))
             .sum()
     }
 }
@@ -840,7 +831,7 @@
 impl<F : Float, G, BT, const N : usize> BTFN<F, G, BT, N>
 where BT : BTSearch<F, N, Agg=Bounds<F>>,
       G : SupportGenerator<F, N, Id=BT::Data>,
-      G::SupportType : Mapping<Loc<F, N>,Codomain=F>
+      G::SupportType : Mapping<Loc<F, N>, Codomain=F>
                        + LocalAnalysis<F, Bounds<F>, N>,
       Cube<F, N> : P2Minimise<Loc<F, N>, F> {